Topical Pain Relief Market Report by Therapeutic Class (Non-Opioids, Opioids), Formulation (Cream, Gel, Spray, Patch, and Others), Type (Prescription Pain Relief, Over the Counter (OTC) Pain Relief), Distribution Channel (Pharmacy and Drug Stores, Retail Stores, Online Stores), and Region 2025-2033

Topical Pain Relief Market Report by Therapeutic Class (Non-Opioids, Opioids), Formulation (Cream, Gel, Spray, Patch, and Others), Type (Prescription Pain Relief, Over the Counter (OTC) Pain Relief), Distribution Channel (Pharmacy and Drug Stores, Retail Stores, Online Stores), and Region 2025-2033

Report Format: PDF+Excel | Report ID: SR112024A4441
Year End sale Buy Now

Topical Pain Relief Market Size:

The global topical pain relief market size reached USD 11.0 Billion in 2024. Looking forward, IMARC Group expects the market to reach USD 17.3 Billion by 2033, exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 5.1% during 2025-2033. The global market is primarily driven by the rising prevalence of arthritis and musculoskeletal disorders, continual advancements in drug delivery technologies, increasing consumer preference for non-invasive and non-pharmacological treatments, and significant investment in research and development.

Report Attribute 
Key Statistics
Base Year
2024
Forecast Years
2025-2033
Historical Years
2019-2024
Market Size in 2024
USD 11.0 Billion
Market Forecast in 2033
USD 17.3 Billion
Market Growth Rate 2025-2033 5.1%


Topical Pain Relief Market Analysis:

  • Market Growth and Size: The market is experiencing robust growth, driven by factors such as the increasing prevalence of arthritis and musculoskeletal disorders, advancements in drug delivery technologies, and the growing preference for non-pharmacological treatments. The market size is substantial and continues to expand, with a diverse range of products catering to both prescription and over-the-counter pain relief needs.
  • Major Market Drivers: The rising incidence of arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions, particularly with an aging global population, is a major driver propelling the demand for pain relief products. Technological advancements in drug delivery systems, offering enhanced efficacy and controlled release, contribute significantly to market growth.
  • Technological Advancements: Ongoing advancements in drug delivery technologies, including microencapsulation and nano-formulations, are improving the efficacy and efficiency of pain relief products. Innovative formulations with enhanced penetration and longer-lasting effects are addressing consumer preferences for effective and convenient pain management solutions.
  • Industry Applications: Pain relief products find extensive applications in treating various conditions such as arthritis, muscle strains, sprains, and sports-related injuries. The market caters to both prescription-based treatments for severe pain conditions and over-the-counter options for self-manageable, milder pain relief needs.
  • Key Market Trends:
  • Growing consumer preference for non-pharmacological and non-invasive treatments is a prominent trend, leading to increased acceptance of pain relief products. The expansion of the product range to include natural and organic ingredients aligns with the trend towards holistic and wellness-focused healthcare.
  • Geographical Trends:
  • North America leads the market, driven by a high prevalence of chronic pain conditions, a well-established healthcare infrastructure, and ongoing research and development initiatives. Asia Pacific is witnessing rapid growth due to a large population, increasing healthcare awareness, and rising disposable incomes.
  • Competitive Landscape:
  • Key players in the market are investing in research and development to introduce innovative formulations, enhance drug delivery systems, and expand their product portfolios. Partnerships, collaborations, and acquisitions are common strategies to strengthen market positions and leverage complementary capabilities.
  • Challenges and Opportunities:
  • Stringent regulatory frameworks, especially for prescription-based products, pose challenges in product development and market entry. Opportunities lie in addressing the diverse needs of consumers through continuous innovation, leveraging online distribution channels, and tapping into emerging markets with unmet healthcare needs.


Topical Pain Relief Market Trends:

Increasing prevalence of arthritis and musculoskeletal disorders

Topical pain relief products, such as creams, gels, and patches, offer targeted pain relief with a lower risk of systemic side effects compared to oral medications. This makes them particularly appealing for elderly patients who may be managing multiple health issues and medications. Moreover, the increasing awareness and acceptance of topical therapies as a viable alternative to oral analgesics further contribute to the market growth. Patients with conditions, such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis often find that topical applications provide immediate relief from localized pain, improving their quality of life. The development of innovative formulations with enhanced penetration and longer-lasting effects also drives consumer preference towards these products.

Continual advancements in drug delivery technologies

The market is also driven by continuous advancements in drug delivery technologies. Innovative delivery systems, including microencapsulation and nano-formulations have significantly enhanced the efficacy and efficiency of pain relief products. These technologies enable better skin penetration, controlled release, and targeted delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), leading to improved pain management outcomes. The development of non-invasive delivery methods aligns with the growing consumer preference for treatments with fewer side effects and lower systemic exposure compared to traditional oral medications. Enhanced drug delivery technologies also open up opportunities for the reformulation of existing drugs, potentially revitalizing older APIs with improved performance and patient compliance.

Increased investment in research and development (R&D)

The market is further propelled by increased investment in research and development by pharmaceutical companies. This investment is aimed at improving existing products and developing new formulations with better efficacy, longer duration of action, and fewer side effects. R&D efforts are also focused on exploring novel active ingredients and natural compounds with analgesic properties, catering to the growing consumer preference for natural and organic products. These innovations enhance product effectiveness and aid in differentiating products in a competitive market. The expansion of the product portfolio to include a range of active ingredients and varying strengths caters to diverse consumer needs and preferences.

Topical Pain Relief Industry Segmentation:

IMARC Group provides an analysis of the key trends in each segment of the market, along with forecasts at the global, regional, and country levels for 2025-2033. Our report has categorized the market based on therapeutic class, formulation, type, and distribution channel.

Breakup by Therapeutic Class:

  • Non-Opioids
  • Opioids
     

Non-opioids accounts for the majority of the market share

The report has provided a detailed breakup and analysis of the market based on the therapeutic class. This includes non-opioids and opioids. According to the report, non-opioids represented the largest segment.

The non-opioids segment holds the largest share in the global market, driven by their widespread acceptance and lower risk profile compared to opioids. This segment includes products containing active ingredients such as NSAIDs capsaicin, lidocaine, and salicylates. Non-opioid topical analgesics are favored for their efficacy in treating mild to moderate pain, particularly in conditions, including arthritis, muscle strains, and sprains. Their popularity is further bolstered by the minimal risk of addiction and fewer systemic side effects, making them suitable for a broader range of patients, including the elderly and those with chronic conditions.

On the contrary, the opioids segment, although smaller compared to non-opioids, plays a crucial role in the market, particularly for patients with severe or chronic pain unresponsive to non-opioid treatments. Topical opioids typically include formulations with controlled concentrations of active substances, including morphine, fentanyl, and buprenorphine. The advantage of topical opioids lies in their ability to provide potent pain relief directly at the site of pain with reduced systemic exposure.

Breakup by Formulation:

  • Cream
  • Gel
  • Spray
  • Patch
  • Others
     

Patch holds the largest share in the industry

A detailed breakup and analysis of the market based on the formulation have also been provided in the report. This includes cream, gel, spray, patch, and others. According to the report, patch accounted for the largest market share. 

The patch segment dominates the market segmentation based on formulation in the market. Patches offer a convenient and sustained-release delivery system for active pharmaceutical ingredients, ensuring prolonged and controlled pain relief. These patches are applied directly to the skin, providing localized treatment with minimal systemic absorption. The popularity of patches can be attributed to their ease of use and long-lasting effects, making them particularly appealing for patients seeking continuous pain management. The transdermal delivery method minimizes the need for frequent reapplication, enhancing patient compliance. Additionally, patches are available in various strengths, catering to a diverse range of pain intensities and conditions.

On the other hand, creams are well-received for their smooth texture and quick absorption, providing rapid relief to localized areas of pain. This formulation is favored for its ease of application and the ability to cover larger surface areas, making it suitable for conditions such as arthritis and muscle soreness. Creams often contain active ingredients, including NSAIDs, menthol, or camphor, addressing various types of pain.

Furthermore, the gel segment in the global market holds a significant share, driven by its suitability for targeted pain relief and versatility in application. Gels provide a cooling or warming sensation upon application, offering an additional layer of comfort for users. This formulation is popular for its quick absorption and ability to deliver active ingredients directly to the affected area. Gels are commonly used for conditions like arthritis, joint pain, and muscle strains.

Moreover, the spray segment is a dynamic and expanding category in the market, gaining traction for its convenient and precise application. Pain relief sprays are known for their quick and even distribution of active ingredients over the affected area, providing instant relief. This formulation is often preferred for its non-greasy nature and the ability to reach areas that may be challenging to treat with creams or patches.

Breakup by Type:

  • Prescription Pain Relief
  • Over the Counter (OTC) Pain Relief
     

The report has provided a detailed breakup and analysis of the market based on the type. This includes prescription pain relief and over the counter (OTC) pain relief.

Prescription pain relief formulations often contain potent active ingredients and may include opioids or higher concentrations of non-opioid analgesics. These products are typically recommended by healthcare practitioners after a thorough assessment of the patient's medical history and pain severity. The prescription segment adheres to strict regulatory controls and is subject to healthcare provider oversight to ensure appropriate use and minimize the risk of adverse effects. The demand for prescription pain relief is driven by patients with conditions such as post-surgical pain, neuropathic pain, or other complex pain syndromes that may not be effectively managed by over-the-counter alternatives.

On the contrary, over the counter (OTC) pain relief segment constitutes a substantial portion of the pain relief market, appealing to consumers seeking accessible and self-manageable solutions for mild to moderate pain. OTC products are available without the need for a prescription, allowing consumers to make independent choices for their pain management needs.

Breakup by Distribution Channel:

  • Pharmacy and Drug Stores
  • Retail Stores
  • Online Stores
     

Online stores exhibit a clear dominance in the market 

A detailed breakup and analysis of the market based on the distribution channel have also been provided in the report. This includes pharmacy and drug stores, retail stores, and online stores. According to the report, online stores accounted for the largest market share.

The online stores segment stands out as the largest in the market segmentation based on distribution channels for pain relief products. The rise of e-commerce has transformed the way consumers purchase healthcare products, including pain relief solutions. Online stores offer a vast array of choices, allowing consumers to explore different brands, formulations, and customer reviews before making a purchase decision. The convenience of doorstep delivery further enhances the appeal of online channels, particularly for individuals with mobility issues or those seeking a discreet shopping experience. The online segment benefits from the global reach, enabling consumers to access a diverse range of products that may not be available in local stores.

On the other hand, the retail stores segment is another significant distribution channel for pain relief products, encompassing a diverse range of general merchandise and convenience stores. Retail stores offer accessibility to a broad consumer base, making pain relief products readily available during routine shopping trips. These outlets typically stock a variety of over-the-counter pain relief options, appealing to consumers seeking convenience and a quick purchase experience.

Furthermore, the pharmacy and drug stores segment represent a significant portion of the market for pain relief products, offering a traditional and trusted distribution channel for consumers seeking immediate access to pain management solutions. These establishments provide a wide range of over the counter and prescription pain relief products, allowing customers to receive personalized recommendations from pharmacists.

Breakup by Region:

Topical Pain Relief Market

  • North America
    • United States
    • Canada
  • Asia-Pacific
    • China
    • Japan
    • India
    • South Korea
    • Australia
    • Indonesia
    • Others
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • France
    • United Kingdom
    • Italy
    • Spain
    • Russia
    • Others
  • Latin America
    • Brazil
    • Mexico
    • Others
  • Middle East and Africa
     

North America leads the market, accounting for the largest topical pain relief market share

The market research report has also provided a comprehensive analysis of all the major regional markets, which include North America (the United States and Canada); Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, South Korea, Australia, Indonesia, and others); Europe (Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Russia, and others); Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, and others); and the Middle East and Africa. According to the report, North America accounted for the largest market share.

North America stands out as the largest segment for pain relief products. The region's dominance is attributed to several factors, including a high prevalence of chronic pain conditions, a well-established healthcare infrastructure, and a strong emphasis on research and development. North America has a substantial aging population, contributing to an increased incidence of musculoskeletal disorders and arthritis, augmenting the demand for effective pain relief solutions. Additionally, the region's proactive approach to healthcare, coupled with a higher awareness of pain management options, supports the robust growth of the topical pain relief market.

On the other hand, the Asia Pacific region is a dynamic and rapidly growing segment in the market for pain relief products. Factors such as a large population, increasing healthcare awareness, and rising disposable incomes contribute to the expanding market in this region. As lifestyles become more sedentary and the aging population grows, there is a rise in the prevalence of chronic conditions, fueling the demand for effective pain management solutions. Moreover, the cultural acceptance of topical therapies, along with the availability of a diverse range of traditional remedies, adds to the market's versatility.

Additionally, Europe represents a significant market segment for pain relief products, characterized by a mature healthcare system, a high prevalence of chronic conditions, and a strong emphasis on wellness. The region's aging population contributes to the demand for pain management solutions, particularly for conditions, including osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. European consumers are increasingly inclined towards non-pharmacological and non-invasive pain relief options, aligning with the global trend.

Moreover, Latin America emerges as a significant and growing market segment for pain relief products, driven by factors such as a rising middle class, increasing healthcare awareness, and a growing aging population. The region experiences a considerable burden of musculoskeletal disorders and sports-related injuries, propelling the demand for effective pain relief solutions.

Furthermore, the Middle East and Africa represent a developing market segment for pain relief products. The region's market is influenced by factors such as a growing population, improving healthcare infrastructure, and an increasing awareness of pain management options. Chronic conditions, including musculoskeletal disorders, are on the rise, contributing to the demand for pain relief solutions.

Leading Key Players in the Topical Pain Relief Industry:

Key players in the market are actively engaged in strategic initiatives to maintain and expand their market presence. This includes investments in research and development to introduce innovative formulations, enhanced drug delivery systems, and novel active ingredients. Companies are focusing on expanding their product portfolios to address a wide range of pain conditions and consumer preferences. Additionally, marketing efforts emphasize the efficacy and safety of their products, targeting both healthcare professionals and informed consumers. Partnerships, collaborations, and acquisitions are common strategies to strengthen market positions and leverage complementary capabilities.

The market research report has provided a comprehensive analysis of the competitive landscape. Detailed profiles of all major companies have also been provided. Some of the key players in the market include:

  • Advacare Pharma
  • Exzell Pharma Inc.
  • Glaxosmithkline Plc
  • Johnson & Johnson
  • Novartis AG
  • Pfizer Inc.
  • Reckitt Benckiser Group Plc
  • Sanofi S.A.
  • Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited
  • Topical Biomedics Inc.
     

(Please note that this is only a partial list of the key players, and the complete list is provided in the report.)

Latest News:

  • 31 August 2023: Johnson & Johnson launched new pain solution, the topical Tylenol® Precise™ Pain Relieving Cream. Tylenol Precise fits active lifestyles with a rapid-absorbing formula, fragrance-free and fresh scent options for discreet use, and a uniquely designed rollerball for hands-free, no-mess application leaving skin clear of sticky residues.
  • 23 June 2023: Exzell Pharma Inc., the brand house of Myoflex, announced a multiyear partnership with Pickleball Canada, the National Sport Organization for pickleball. Myoflex has been used by active people of all ages and abilities for muscle aches, strains, and pains. 
  • 24 February 2021: Reckitt Benckiser Group Plc announced that it has entered into a definitive agreement to acquire the Biofreeze brand from Performance Health. The acquisition represents a unique and exciting opportunity to unlock value through RB’s expertise, global operating footprint, and infrastructure. Biofreeze is a perfect fit with RB’s Health platform and deepens RB’s presence within the broader pain category.


Topical Pain Relief Market Report Scope:

Report Features Details
Base Year of the Analysis 2024
Historical Period 2019-2024
Forecast Period 2025-2033
Units Billion USD
Scope of the Report Exploration of Historical Trends and Market Outlook, Industry Catalysts and Challenges, Segment-Wise Historical and Future Market Assessment:
  • Therapeutic Class
  • Formulation
  • Type
  • Distribution Channel
  • Region
Therapeutic Classes Covered Non-Opioids, Opioids
Formulations Covered Cream, Gel, Spray, Patch, Others
Types Covered Prescription Pain Relief, Over the Counter (OTC) Pain Relief
Distribution Channels Covered Pharmacy and Drug Stores, Retail Stores, Online Stores
Regions Covered Asia Pacific, Europe, North America, Latin America, Middle East and Africa
Countries Covered United States, Canada, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Russia, China, Japan, India, South Korea, Australia, Indonesia, Brazil, Mexico
Companies Covered Advacare Pharma, Exzell Pharma Inc., Glaxosmithkline Plc, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis AG, Pfizer Inc., Reckitt Benckiser Group Plc, Sanofi S.A., Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited, Topical Biomedics Inc., etc.
Customization Scope 10% Free Customization
Post-Sale Analyst Support 10-12 Weeks
Delivery Format PDF and Excel through Email (We can also provide the editable version of the report in PPT/Word format on special request)


Key Questions Answered in This Report:

  • How has the global topical pain relief market performed so far, and how will it perform in the coming years?
  • What are the drivers, restraints, and opportunities in the global topical pain relief market?
  • What is the impact of each driver, restraint, and opportunity on the global topical pain relief market?
  • What are the key regional markets?
  • Which countries represent the most attractive topical pain relief market?
  • What is the breakup of the market based on the therapeutic class?
  • Which is the most attractive therapeutic class in the topical pain relief market?
  • What is the breakup of the market based on the formulation?
  • Which is the most attractive formulation in the topical pain relief market?
  • What is the breakup of the market based on the type?
  • Which is the most attractive type in the topical pain relief market?
  • What is the breakup of the market based on the distribution channel?
  • Which is the most attractive distribution channel in the topical pain relief market?
  • What is the competitive structure of the market?
  • Who are the key players/companies in the global topical pain relief market?


Key Benefits for Stakeholders:

  • IMARC’s industry report offers a comprehensive quantitative analysis of various market segments, historical and current market trends, market forecasts, and dynamics of the topical pain relief market from 2019-2033.
  • The research report provides the latest information on the market drivers, challenges, and opportunities in the global topical pain relief market.
  • The study maps the leading, as well as the fastest-growing, regional markets. It further enables stakeholders to identify the key country-level markets within each region.
  • Porter's five forces analysis assists stakeholders in assessing the impact of new entrants, competitive rivalry, supplier power, buyer power, and the threat of substitution. It helps stakeholders to analyze the level of competition within the topical pain relief industry and its attractiveness.
  • The competitive landscape allows stakeholders to understand their competitive environment and provides insight into the current positions of key players in the market.

Need more help?

  • Speak to our experienced analysts for insights on the current market scenarios.
  • Include additional segments and countries to customize the report as per your requirement.
  • Gain an unparalleled competitive advantage in your domain by understanding how to utilize the report and positively impacting your operations and revenue.
  • For further assistance, please connect with our analysts.
Topical Pain Relief Market Report by Therapeutic Class (Non-Opioids, Opioids), Formulation (Cream, Gel, Spray, Patch, and Others), Type (Prescription Pain Relief, Over the Counter (OTC) Pain Relief), Distribution Channel (Pharmacy and Drug Stores, Retail Stores, Online Stores), and Region 2025-2033
Purchase Options Year End sale




Benefits of Customization

Personalize this research

Triangulate with your data

Get data as per your format and definition

Gain a deeper dive into a specific application, geography, customer, or competitor

Any level of personalization

Get in Touch With Us
UNITED STATES

Phone: +1-631-791-1145

INDIA

Phone: +91-120-433-0800

UNITED KINGDOM

Phone: +44-753-714-6104

Email: sales@imarcgroup.com

Client Testimonials

Aktive Services

IMARC made the whole process easy. Everyone I spoke with via email was polite, easy to deal with, kept their promises regarding delivery timelines and were solutions focused. From my first contact, I was grateful for the professionalism shown by the whole IMARC team. I recommend IMARC to all that need timely, affordable information and advice. My experience with IMARC was excellent and I can not fault it.

Read More
Greenfish S.A.

The IMARC team was very reactive and flexible with regard to our requests. A very good overall experience. We are happy with the work that IMARC has provided, very complete and detailed. It has contributed to our business needs and provided the market visibility that we required

Read More
Colruyt Group

We were very happy with the collaboration between IMARC and Colruyt. Not only were your prices competitive, IMARC was also pretty fast in understanding the scope and our needs for this project. Even though it was not an easy task, performing a market research during the COVID-19 pandemic, you were able to get us the necessary information we needed. The IMARC team was very easy to work with and they showed us that it would go the extra mile if we needed anything extra

Read More
KRISHAK BHARATI CO-OP LTD

Last project executed by your team was as per our expectations. We also would like to associate for more assignments this year. Kudos to your team.

Read More
Zee Media Corp. Ltd.

We would be happy to reach out to IMARC again, if we need Market Research/Consulting/Consumer Research or any associated service. Overall experience was good, and the data points were quite helpful.

Read More
Arabian Plastic Manufacturing Company Ltd.

The figures of market study were very close to our assumed figures. The presentation of the study was neat and easy to analyse. The requested details of the study were fulfilled. My overall experience with the IMARC Team was satisfactory.

Read More
Sumitomo Corporation

The overall cost of the services were within our expectations. I was happy to have good communications in a timely manner. It was a great and quick way to have the information I needed.

Read More
Hameln Rds

My questions and concerns were answered in a satisfied way. The costs of the services were within our expectations. My overall experience with the IMARC Team was very good.

Read More
Quality Consultants BV

I agree the report was timely delivered, meeting the key objectives of the engagement. We had some discussion on the contents, adjustments were made fast and accurate. The response time was minimum in each case. Very good. You have a satisfied customer.

Read More
TATA Advanced Systems Limited

We would be happy to reach out to IMARC for more market reports in the future. The response from the account sales manager was very good. I appreciate the timely follow ups and post purchase support from the team. My overall experience with IMARC was good.

Read More
Stax

IMARC was a good solution for the data points that we really needed and couldn't find elsewhere. The team was easy to work, quick to respond, and flexible to our customization requests.

Read More
DEinternational Egypt

IMARC did an outstanding job in preparing our study. They were punctual and precise, delivering all the data we required in a clear and well-organized format. Their attention to detail and ability to meet deadlines was impressive, making them a reliable partner for our project.

Read More
Gulf Excellent Group

I wanted to express my sincere appreciation for your efforts in handling this matter. Your dedication and commitment have truly been commendable. It is evident that you have put in a tremendous amount of hard work and expertise into resolving the issues at hand. I would also like to take this opportunity to inform you that we are greatly interested

Read More
FS Corporation Inc.

Overall, the deliverable was well organized and my experience with the project team was good. In particular, I appreciated how they responded when I requested additional information and the Japanese version.

Read More
Egyptian Industrial Investment Group

The IMARC team were extremely professional and very cooperative. The team were also extremely flexible in making changes and modifications wherever required. The entire experience right from project kick-off to after sales support was fruitful and smooth.

Read More
Vishnu Chemicals

I’d like to express my gratitude for the work you accomplished with the industry report. The way you responded to the requirements and delivered under tight timelines shows your expertise, exceptional work ethic and commitment to your customer’s success. The entire team and company are incredibly thankful for your dedication. Once again, thank you

Read More
MOUNT EVEREST BREWERIES LIMITED

The market reports from IMARC have been instrumental in guiding our business strategies. We found the reports comprehensive and data-driven, which helped us make informed decisions. The detailed insights and actionable data have consistently provided us with a competitive edge in a rapidly changing alcohol market.

Read More
Borges Branded Foods

One of the best things about IMARC is their flexibility and predisposition to tailor the reports and adapt to our needs. They are not just great in their researching and consulting solutions, but their service is unparallelled. We’ve worked with them a couple of times and we will keep working with them in future projects.

Read More
Godrej Consumer Products Limited

We recently commissioned multiple market research reports from IMARC, and the insights we received were invaluable. The depth of analysis, accuracy of data, and actionable recommendations have greatly enhanced our strategic decision-making.

Read More
ADC Therapeutics

The market estimates provided by your team were pretty much in line with what we were theorizing internally. Really appreciate the work on this.

Read More
Ivanti

The sale account manager and the service was excellent. The data and market trends gathered from the report was insightful and really assisted while planning future product and growth strategies.

Read More
Asiatic Electrical & Switchgear P. Ltd.

The report is excellent and has good amount of data and our team is extremely happy with the information provided.

Read More
Denka Co., Ltd.

Thank you very much for your cooperation and post purchase support. We were really happy with the final deliverable, and the takeaways from the report.

Read More